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Ability to take constructive feedback from multiple reviewers Ability to deliver a high volume of high quality copy very quickly Self-motivated, flexible and able to succeed in an autonomous, dynamic, and highly functional team and multi-cultural environment Some travel may be required. Work with New Product Integration department to capture new and upcoming changes to the customer experience, and update the help content accordingly Manage content with best practices including single-sourcing, reusing content, conditional text, keeping links up-to-date Oversee localization of help content Possibly mentor more junior writers.

Experience with taxonomy design, metadata, framework development etc Highly creative and able to develop creative solutions to business challenges Experience writing for mobile is a plus. Ability to handle multiple projects simultaneously, in a fast-paced environment Must be hard-working, well organized, and resilient to changing timelines, requests, and deliverables Excellent interpersonal and communication skills.

Take ownership of content for all assigned projects; responsibilities include requirements gathering, writing, editing, proofreading, and final delivery of development-ready files to design and production Gather content requirements, including user requirements from User Experience team members and business requirements. Executes on individual pieces of written communication across the digital touchpoints Ensures that work is adhereing to brand and channel guildlines Helps brainstorm and contribute to writing different creative approaches and expressions Delivers work in an organized manner that can be easily handed off to other teams.

Strong attention to using appropriate tone and grammatical details Is able to work well with other team members to brainstorm and take feedback Creating work for digital marketing programs and campaigns that help established brands solve business problems. Lead writer for all Much. Plan, write, edit, test and improve technical product education materials across multiple product sets and teams Use data to drive high-level content strategy and optimize copy Collaborate with designers, researchers, product managers, product marketers and engineers to serve a global content audience and to influence product decisions Prioritize projects based on impact Develop tools and processes for scaled content management across multiple content groups Think big to develop innovative education solutions.

Production of all marketing collateral for both offline and online use Creation of 2 resources per month to drive leads, increase awareness as well as other imported pieces such as whitepapers and infographics etc Editing current material, keeping it current and increasing engagement Generate content for social media and websites Excellent project management skills Lead generation in a B2B environment Both creative and process driven.

Develop interesting, effective marketing copy for software technology campaigns, websites, and collateral Adapt your tone and style according to the market and overall brand voice Align content with buyer personas and map it to sales stages Strategically distribute content through various channels such as websites, blogs, email campaigns, social media, offline channels and more.

Convey information to another person or party in the most clear and effective manner possible Know and Use a wide range of programs like Adobe Photoshop to create and edit images, diagramming programs like Microsoft Visio to create visual aids, and document processors like MadCap Flare to design and format documents.

Monitor online ratings and respond accordingly Monitor trends in Social Media tools, applications, channels, design and strategy Identify threats and opportunities in user generated content surrounding the business. Report notable threats to appropriate management Analyze campaigns and translate anecdotal or qualitative data into recommendations and plans for revising the Social Media campaigns Monitor effective benchmarks best practices for measuring the impact of Social Media campaigns.

Analyze, review, and report on effectiveness of campaigns in an effort to maximize results. Research, write, and edit content for digital media including but not limited to online social and collaborative spaces, newsletters, videos, infographics, white papers, case studies, journey maps, blog posts, website content, and more Collaborate with design, digital, search and other teams to develop compelling, often unexpected, content plans Transform technical information into captivating, engaging, and effective content Think strategically beyond the "what is" into the realm of "what can be" Establish relationships across departments and develop an understanding of company philosophy, consumer experience, marketing strategy and operational capabilities Ability to express ideas clearly, succinctly, and logically Proven technical writing skills Ability to give and receive needed feedback Proven initiative and ability to work independently with little or no supervision.

Writing and content organization Editing for clarity and accuracy Ability to work with Subject Matter Experts and project leaders to understand a given subject and provide accurate content on that subject Ability to contribute to weekly status meetings Experience with personal computers and tools such as word processing programs, e-mail, and Web browsers Intimate knowledge of style manuals Ability to apply editorial guidelines and standards Detail oriented, flexible, and able to produce quality work and handle multiple tasks in a fast paced, fast-changing environment to meet aggressive schedules.

Crafting, updating, and maintaining voice and expression across Teavana. Crafting, updating, and maintaining voice and expression across the Starbucks. Create compelling content that breaks down complex products and concepts Devise editorial strategy to grow adoption of Facebook's ad solutions, using in-product channels or leveraging global marketing and sales teams Design and implement test plans to understand drivers of response and value, and identify areas of opportunity for product teams Use data to prioritize projects based on impact.

Analyze learning aims and objectives and work with colleagues and subject matter experts SMEs to design workshop, webcast, virtual and e-learning solutions Develop objectives and ensure content aligns with stated objectives Develop and structure new training content and activities to meet adult learning methodology standards. Revise and rewrite existing content to meet standards as well Create interactive media and activities to support learning across different channels Adapt instructional materials to meet multiple channel requirements e.

Write product descriptions Ad Hoc copywriting landing pages, category descriptions etc Owning copy for particular brands. Creating on-brand copy for daily sales Researching and writing editorial to support daily sales Interacting with merchandisers and buyers to verify product information and help shape sale point of view Communication with merchandisers, photo team, and design team Bachelor's Degree in English, Journalism, Communications, Advertising, Marketing or comparable work experience Exceptional writing, grammar, research, and copy-editing skills Excellent communication, organizational and problem-solving skills years of comparable online copywriting experience, direct marketing, promotion or publishing, preferably with a background in retail Familiarity with Excel and knowledge of internet technology The ability to multi-task in a fast-paced environment and to work both independently and as part of a team.

Writing compelling and informative content that breaks down complex products and concepts Think big to develop innovative education and growth solutions Meet tight publishing deadlines. To research and write evergreen pages, blog posts and news articles on medical topics for our websites and for affiliates To promote our content across a variety of social media platforms To learn the intricacies of inbound digital marketing — what we do and how we do it To communicate and work collaboratively To have a talent for prioritizing Previous experience writing medical content for consumer sites Professional post-graduate journalism experience Editing experience Having a positive social media footprint Knowledge of HTML and CSS Working knowledge of PhotoShop Someone who likes to work hard and play hard.

To write original, enriching and one-of-a-kind evergreen pages, blog posts and news articles for our websites and for affiliates To interview high-level professionals doctors, lawyers, business and non-profit administrators and leaders to gain information for your writing To create additional value for the website through content by participating in videos, by conducting podcasts, etc.

Work with the Director of Content Strategy to maintain and elevate the brand voice Develop content specific to each medium; a keen understanding of how content is consumed on desktop vs mobile, print vs.

Proven success in digital media delivered in a strong portfolio of work URL required Exceptional writing skills and attention to detail from long form to headlines Versatile writing styles capturing necessary tone and voice of brand: ability to write content that appeals to millennials, CMOs, and everyone in between.

Including creating content for websites, blogs, forums, email campaigns, social media, and other content marketing channels This person will also be responsible for researching, writing, and editing social media content across all channels Work closely with team on content generation ideas and campaigns.

Proficiency in Microsoft Office Suite of applications Word, PowerPoint, and Excel Ability to work under tight deadlines and flexibility to changing requirements Familiarity with AP or Chicago style guides a plus Flexibility, adaptability, responsiveness, attention to detail, resourcefulness A commitment to excellence and a high degree of professionalism Ability to work remotely and on-site as part of a team, with a can-do attitude Experience as a consultant working at or with a professional services firm preferred.

Explain complex ideas in a clear, concise, and playful fashion Work on tight deadlines to deliver smart, clean and engaging copy Work independently to research subject matter; interact with other writers, customers, and experts to obtain and exchange information Effectively communicate project status to management and key contributors, while proactively escalating challenges to management for resolution Work side-by-side with professional video editors, animators and instructional designers to produce top-quality videos, blog posts, infographics and other educational material Design meaningful assessments that align with learning materials.

Drive strategy and execution on such initiatives Mentor designers and production artists to achieve maximum use of skill sets Stay abreast of software updates via continuing education and of pilot results and latest Consumerology findings via continuing education opportunities webcasts, publications, research findings, etc.

Ability to take direction and to work independently and manage multiple projects simultaneously without compromising quality or attention to detail Ability to work under extreme pressure and strict timelines, and to thrive in a fast-paced environment Ability to travel occasionally LI-PS1. A strong command of MS Wrord, Excel and Powerpoint A good blend of business content and proposal writing skills Ability to understand relevance of information, ability to synthesize and summarize information Effective written and verbal communication skills A keen eye for detail.

Strong attention to detail, with the ability to proofread and edit copy with faultless accuracy A strong work ethic, demonstrated by the proven ability to meet or exceed tight deadlines Regular, continuous awareness of digital marketing trends and relevant news Demonstrated ability to work independently, as well as collaboratively Strong understanding of SEO and best practices Strong research skills, logic, and creativity.

Create product descriptions Knowledge and love of fashion at all levels, from high-end designers to cutting edge street style Comfortable with digital work on an in-house CMS is a plus.

Serve as the company's business and industry writing expert by interfacing regularly with SME's and industry influencers for content discovery Create and maintain an industry communications plan and calendar that directly supports marketing programs and goals Participate in messaging strategy and execution, from concept creation to publication Deliver content that can be utilized in multiple communication vehicles and visual layouts e.

Write, edit, and proofread new content that describes the value of our services Function as database administrator for the proposal software application and reporting PMAPS Oversee development and maintenance of Asset Management content used in preparing proposals i.

Improve existing content structure as necessary Populate PMAPS content database with approved and accurate questions and responses Clarify specific RFP questions or responses as an expert content writer to ensure overall compliance, evaluation integrity and market position Perform Quality checks on RFPs.

Provide writing, proofreading and marketing assistance for internal and external communications Conduct research to support marketing and new client development Contribute to SmithBucklin's social media efforts Perform other administrative duties as requested, including data entry, scheduling meetings, routing mail, shipping and filing Self-starter and detail-oriented individual with strong written and verbal communication, interpersonal and organizational skills Experience and comfort managing multiple projects with deadlines Proficient in Microsoft Office Suite Word, Excel and PowerPoint Familiarity with, or desire to learn, Adobe Creative Suite, particularly Photoshop, Illustrator and InDesign Bachelor's degree in Journalism or Communications GPA of 3.

Excellent writer with adaptable writing styles Detail oriented with the ability to produce clean, concise copy with minimal editing Ability to work cross-functionally with other key departments Awareness of brand consistency Deep understanding of content standards and processes Creating and updating content for a conversational customer service experience i.

Chatbots Managing a varied and often challenging workload Continually improving and optimizing content based on feedback and metrics Advising on content standards Liaising with a variety of stakeholders and cross functional teammates. Fantastic writer and copy editor Basic HTML and CSS Experience with a CMS such as Drupal, Word press, etc Hyper-organized and able to get things done Creative thinking to find interesting ways of presenting information and generating new ideas Fast learner and great communicator Experience or degree in marketing and branding A knowledge of analytics and website measurement Familiarity with UX research methodologies.

Bachelor's degree in business marketing, journalism, mass communication, PR or related fields Minimum years of full-time experience as a content writer for marketing, corporate communications, advertising agencies, publications or content management Ability to write in a variety of formats and styles, primarily for US-based audiences Familiarity with SEO writing techniques Working knowledge of online publishing and corporate communication tools In-depth knowledge and understanding of the latest trends and requirements in SEO and social media Excellent analytical, organizational, project management and time management skills Familiarity with Google Analytics, Keyword Research Tools and prevalent CMS WordPress, Drupal, Joomla, etc.

Content Manager professional with content marketing knowledge and skills This role requires a high level of copywriting, creativity, and attention to detail Understanding of Social Platforms and Digital communications strategies Excellent writing and communication skills are required Fluence English level is also required, for the localization process Content marketing experience, knowledge on Sprinkler platform and Photoshop Strong knowledge at Microsoft Excel Google Analytics Acts as a consultant and advocate for data-driven marketing for all Marketing leaders and functions.

Partners with ww Analytics teams, ensures to use exisiting methodologies and implement best practice anayltics approaches into our geo Sustain and advocate data-driven initiatives e. Plans agendas, prepares meeting notes, and performs action item tracking Develops positive, effective relationships with senior level business office leadership and content subject matter experts to determine priorities, resolve project issues, and negotiate appropriate content Provides hands-on communications expertise to customer stakeholders to promote effective information sharing with diverse audiences.

You will take responsibility for and lead the day-to-day delivery of assigned writing projects, including in-app, web, product and customer service related content You shall ensure all written materials are appropriately checked and reviewed, fully compliant and delivered on time You'll work closely with the various partners to produce precise and sharp copies that address customer needs in various markets You will build and maintain a content style guide to ensure content quality and convey the best methods for content creators and translators You shall ensure all written content are delivered in our approved tone-of-voice You'll understand findings from user researches and apply appropriate content and solutions to address the problems.

Also, you will understand the consumption habits of our passengers and drivers, putting together a content strategy that fits into the way they search for and engage with content. You shall also understand their daily lives and develop a content strategy that drives relevance for and engagement with the Grab brand into their needs and livelihoods. Develop content using visuals to best underpin the message Prioritise content and point out key messages Rewrite existing content and write new stories Coordinate and communicate with a large group of stakeholders at all levels both national and international Participate in workshops Ensure that content complies with DONG Energy standards Can drive the entire process independently from a-z Have several years of experience with creating content for digital channels Excel in managing stakeholder involvement and relations as a trusted advisor Have a great eye for visual presentations on the web Have English as your native language or master the language to perfection — speaking and understanding Danish will be preferable as well Are structured, handle many simultaneous tasks and leave no dead ends Have an optimistic approach to your tasks and an approachable personality.

We are a team and welcome team players. Write, plan, assign mostly to freelance writers , and edit content destined for publication on Bodybuilding. Provide daily content as directed to support football sections on our digital platforms Monitor social media to ensure that we spot and capitalise on content opportunities around football news, data and information in a way which maximises digital audience Ensure regular content platforms such as match reviews, live blogs and web chats are delivered on time and to agreed workflows, helping foster an appointment to view culture among readers of our football content Ensure that a strong community is built up around sports content by interacting with readers, both on the websites and through social media Plan ahead and deliver advance content for big set-piece events, e.

Create compelling, high quality website content around relevant, high converting technical and marketing topics which the goal of driving organic web traffic Conduct keyword research to identify content gaps, map topics to pages and optimize existing pages including all copy components of a webpage title, description, copy, alt tags, etc.

HubSpot, Marketo, etc Ability to independently handle multiple tasks on deadline in fast-paced environment. Strategic and creative thinker. Self-starter with positive attitude. Create the online 'Costa Way' global toolkit to engage international partners Initiate content and build a platform that people want to use Support international growth whilst making your mark in a growing team. Ability to create engaging content for digital use Passion for, and understanding of, finance as well as communicating that passion to others Working under pressure and to tight deadlines Experience of online journalism, ideally in business, finance or current affairs Ability to identify the key relevant points in the finance industry for the millennial demographic Experience of providing engaging, distinctive and entertaining digital content A sharp eye for detail.

Work with the Product Marketing and Demand Gen teams to come up with ideas for compelling content to support brand awareness and lead-gen programs for our various solutions Create different types of content geared toward different target audiences and buyers journeys. Know how to tailor content short bite-sized content versus detailed technical differentiators depending on content objectives.

Examples of content are: datasheets, white papers, educational pieces, video ideas, infographics, and various web pages Help in creative copywriting to come up with eye-catching headlines, ad copy, and email copy that results in better engagement rates Write SEO-optimized online content, including web landing pages and blog posts Attention to detail for grammar, spelling, and punctuation and following our brand guidelines and tone.

Contribute to the overall growth and success of Plexus by embracing the Plexus core values; we are One Plexus, we are accountable, we get the job done right and we empower others Develop scripted material for short stories, videos, and on-stage speakers Work closely with Director of Sales to ensure all scripts are inspirational, compelling and easily understood by the audience Conduct competitive research on topics and a deep understanding of our industry and compensation plan Edit content for correct spelling and grammar Conduct Ambassador Interviews for feedback on assignments Responsible for creating additional written sales tools as assigned Will undertake additional sales tools projects as needed A college degree or equivalent work experience.

College or technical college degree or equivalent experience, post-secondary education a plus Journalism, Marketing or Business Ability to multi-task, prioritize, and deliver on tight deadlines Strong grasp of English grammar and punctuation Strong communication skills both orally and written Common knowledge of Windows OS Common knowledge of Microsoft exchange email Common knowledge of Microsoft Office Documents excel, word, PPT, etc.

Write a wide range of prospect-facing collateral, including datasheets, case studies and other sales and marketing assets Write internal communications to help us disseminate content internally e. Work with Partner Marketing and broader Media Partnerships teams across Sports, Social Good and Entertainment to develop educational content Work with Partner Marketing team to develop messaging that educates internal audiences about our Social Media products Maintain and update centralized communication tools for internal audiences Develop best practice one-sheets and case studies highlighting interesting trends and great public figure content on Social Media Source and collect content from public figures and media companies on Social Media and curate into best practice resource libraries Become the go-to expert in content created by public figures and media companies on Social Media.

Damco is looking for a copywriter with a proven and solid track-record and with in-depth knowledge of the English language; a near-native English speaker with preferably knowledge of logistics The copywriter will write English text for Damco blog posts, press releases, web pages, eGuides, white papers, case studies, video scripts etc. The role is based at our office in Mumbai, where a lean and flat structure creates a performance driven culture with significant independence and a can-do mentality.

Mesopotamia is most noted for its construction of mud-brick buildings and the construction of ziggurats , occupying a prominent place in each city and consisting of an artificial mound, often rising in huge steps, surmounted by a temple.

The mound was no doubt to elevate the temple to a commanding position in what was otherwise a flat river valley. The great city of Uruk had a number of religious precincts, containing many temples larger and more ambitious than any buildings previously known. The word ziggurat is an anglicized form of the Akkadian word ziqqurratum , the name given to the solid stepped towers of mud brick. It derives from the verb zaqaru , "to be high".

The buildings are described as being like mountains linking Earth and heaven. The Ziggurat of Ur , excavated by Leonard Woolley , is 64 by 46 meters at base and originally some 12 meters in height with three stories. It was built under Ur-Nammu circa B. Assyrian palaces had a large public court with a suite of apartments on the east side and a series of large banqueting halls on the south side.

This was to become the traditional plan of Assyrian palaces, built and adorned for the glorification of the king. Reconstruction of the Ishtar Gate Babylonian ; c. Modern imaginings of ancient Egypt are heavily influenced by the surviving traces of monumental architecture. Many formal styles and motifs were established at the dawn of the pharaonic state, around BC. The most iconic Ancient Egyptian buildings are the pyramids , built during the Old and Middle Kingdoms c.

However, there are also impressive temples, like the Karnak Temple Complex. The Ancient Egyptians believed in the afterlife. They also believed that in order for their soul known as ka to live eternally in their afterlife, their bodies would have to remain intact for eternity.

So, they had to create a way to protect the deceased from damage and grave robbers. This way, the mastaba was born. These were adobe structures with flat roofs, which had underground rooms for the coffin, about 30 m down.

Imhotep , an ancient Egyptian priest and architect, had to design a tomb for the Pharaoh Djoser. For this, he placed five mastabas, one above the next, this way creating the first Egyptian pyramid, the Pyramid of Djoser at Saqqara c. The first smooth-sided one was built by Pharaoh Sneferu , who ruled between c. The stone blocks used for pyramids were held together by mortar , and the entire structure was covered with highly polished white limestone, with their tops topped in gold.

What we see today is actually the core structure of the pyramid. Inside, narrow passages led to the royal burial chambers. Despite being highly associated with the Ancient Egypt, pyramids have been built by other civilisations to, like the Mayans. Due to the lack of resources and a shift in power towards priesthood, ancient Egyptians stepped away from pyramids, and temples became the focal point of cult construction.

Just like the pyramids, Ancient Egyptian temples were also spectacular and monumental. They evolved from small shrines made of perishable materials to large complexes, and by the New Kingdom circa — BC they have become massive stone structures consisting of halls and courtyards. The temple represented a sort of 'cosmos' in stone, a copy of the original mound of creation on which the god could rejuvenate himself and the world.

The entrance consisted of a twin gateway pylon , symbolizing the hills of the horizon. Inside there were columned halls symbolizing a primeval papyrus thicket. It was followed by a series of hallways of decreasing size, until the sanctuary was reached, where a god's cult statue was placed. Back in ancient times, temples were painted in bright colours, mainly red, blue, yellow, green, orange, and white.

Because of the desert climate of Egypt, some parts of these painted surfaces were preserved well, especially in interiors. An architectural element specific to ancient Egyptian architecture is the cavetto cornice a concave moulding , introduced by the end of the Old Kingdom. It was widely used to accentuate the top of almost every formal pharaonic building. Because of how often it was used, it will later decorate many Egyptian Revival buildings and objects.

Great Temple of Abu Simbel Egypt , c. Illustrations from of ornaments and patterns used by ancient Egyptians. The first Urban Civilization in the Indian subcontinent is traceable originally to the Indus Valley civilisation mainly in Mohenjodaro and Harappa , now in modern-day Pakistan as well western states of the Republic of India. The earliest settlements are seen during the Neolithic period in Merhgarh , Balochistan.

The civilization's cities were noted for their urban planning with baked brick buildings, elaborate drainage and water systems, and handicraft carnelian products, seal carving. This civilisation transitioned from the Neolithic period into the Chalcolithic period and beyond with their expertise in metallurgy copper, bronze, lead, and tin. The ruins of Mohenjo—daro Sindh , circa BC. Without a doubt, ancient Greek architecture, together with Roman , is one of the most influential styles of all time.

Since the advent of the Classical Age in Athens , in the 5th century BC, the Classical way of building has been deeply woven into Western understanding of architecture and, indeed, of civilization itself. However, Ancient Greek architecture is best known for its temples , many of which are found throughout the region, and the Parthenon is a prime example of this. Later, they will serve as inspiration for Neoclassical architects during the late 18th and the 19th century.

The most well-known temples are the Parthenon and the Erechtheion , both on the Acropolis of Athens. Another type of important Ancient Greek buildings were the theatres. Both temples and theatres used a complex mix of optical illusions and balanced ratios.

Ancient Greek temples usually consist of a base with continuous stairs of a few steps at each edges known as crepidoma , a cella or naos with a cult statue in it, columns , an entablature , and two pediments , one on the front side and another in the back.

By the 4th century BC, Greek architects and stonemasons had developed a system of rules for all buildings known as the orders : the Doric , the Ionic , and the Corinthian. They are most easily recognised by their columns especially by the capitals. The Doric column is stout and basic, the Ionic one is slimmer and has four scrolls called volutes at the corners of the capital, and the Corinthian column is just like the Ionic one, but the capital is completely different, being decorated with acanthus leafs and four scrolls.

While the Doric one has metopes and triglyphs with guttae , Ionic and Corinthian friezes consist of one big continuous band with reliefs. Besides the columns, the temples were highly decorated with sculptures, in the pediments, on the friezes , metopes and triglyphs.

Pretty often, ancient Greek ornaments are used continuously, as bands. They will later be used in Etruscan , Roman and in the post-medieval styles that tried to revive Greco-Roman art and architecture, like Renaissance , Baroque , Neoclassical etc. Looking at the archaeological remains of ancient and medieval buildings it is easy to perceive them as limestone and concrete in a grey taupe tone and make the assumption that ancient buildings were monochromatic.

However, architecture was polychromed in much of the Ancient and Medieval world. One of the most iconic Ancient buildings, the Parthenon c. Besides ancient temples, Medieval cathedrals were never completely white. Most had colored highlights on capitals and columns. This is because Leonardo da Vinci and other Renaissance artists, including Michelangelo , promoted a color palette inspired by the ancient Greco-Roman ruins, which because of neglect and constant decay during the Middle Ages, became white despite being initially colorful.

The pigments used in the ancient world were delicate and especially susceptible to weathering. Without necessary care, the colors exposed to rain, snow, dirt, and other factors, vanished over time, and this way Ancient buildings and artworks became white, like they are today and were during the Renaissance.

Erechtheion Athens , with its Ionic columns and caryatid porch , — BC [31]. Illustration of Doric left three , Ionic middle three and Corinthian right two columns and entablatures. Illustrations from of ornaments and patterns used by ancient Greeks and Romans. The architecture of ancient Rome has been one of the most influential in the world. Its legacy is evident throughout the medieval and early modern periods, and Roman buildings continue to be reused in the modern era in both New Classical and Postmodern architecture.

It was particularly influenced by Greek and Etruscan styles. A range of temple types was developed during the republican years —27 BC , modified from Greek and Etruscan prototypes. Wherever the Roman army conquered, they established towns and cities, spreading their empire and advancing their architectural and engineering achievements. While the most important works are to be found in Italy, Roman builders also found creative outlets in the western and eastern provinces, of which the best examples preserved are in modern-day North Africa , Turkey , Syria and Jordan.

Extravagant projects appeared, like the Arch of Septimius Severus in Leptis Magna present-day Libya , built in AD , with broken pediments on all sides, or the Arch of Caracalla in Thebeste present-day Algeria , built in c.

Due to the fact that the empire was formed from multiple nations and cultures, some buildings were the product of combining the Roman style with the local tradition. An example is the Palmyra Arch present-day Syria , built in c. Surpassing most civilisations of their time, the Romans have developed new engineering skills, architectural techniques and materials. Among the many Roman architectural achievements were domes , which were created for temples, baths, villas, palaces and tombs.

The most well known example is the one of the Pantheon in Rome, being the largest surviving Roman dome and having a large oculus at its centre.

Another important innovation is the rounded stone arch, used in arcades, aqueducts and other structures. The Tuscan order was influenced by the Doric , but with un-fluted columns and a simpler entablature with no triglyphs or guttae , while the Composite was a mixed order , combining the volutes of the Ionic order capital with the acanthus leaves of the Corinthian order. Between 30 and 15 BC, the architect and engineer Marcus Vitruvius Pollio published a major treatise, De architectura , which influenced architects around the world for centuries.

As the only treatise on architecture to survive from antiquity, it has been regarded since the Renaissance as the first book on architectural theory, as well as a major source on the canon of classical architecture. Just like the Greeks, the Romans built amphiteatres too. The largest amphitheatre ever built, the Colosseum in Rome, could hold around 50, spectators.

Another iconic Roman structure that demonstrates their precision and technological advancement is the Pont du Gard in southern France, the highest surviving Roman aqueduct. Colosseum Rome , 70—80 BC [41]. Library of Celsus Ephesus , Turkey , c. Arch of Constantine Rome , [43]. From over 3, years before the Europeans 'discovered' America, complex societies had already been established across North, Central and South America. Although knowledge of astronomy and engineering was limited, structures and buildings were often aligned with astronomical features or with the cardinal directions.

Much of the architecture developed through cultural exchange — for example the Aztecs learnt much from earlier Mayan architecture. Many cultures built entire cities, with monolithic temples and pyramids decoratively carved with animals, gods and kings.

Most of these cities had a central plaza with governmental buildings and temples, plus public ball courts, or tlachtli , on raised platforms. Just like in ancient Egypt, here were built pyramids too, being generally stepped. They were probably not used as burial chambers, but had important religious sites at the top. The Palace of Palenque Chiapas , Mexico , 7th—8th centuries [44]. Temple of the Great Jaguar Tikal , Guatemala , c. After the fall of the Indus Valley , South Asian architecture entered the Dharmic period which saw the development of Ancient Indian architectural styles which further developed into various unique forms in the Middle Ages, along with the combination of Islamic styles , and later, other global traditions.

Buddhist architecture developed in the Indian subcontinent during the 4th and 2nd century BC, and spread first to China and then further across Asia. Three types of structures are associated with the religious architecture of early Buddhism : monasteries viharas , places to venerate relics stupas , and shrines or prayer halls chaityas , also called chaitya grihas , which later came to be called temples in some places.

The most iconic Buddhist type of building is the stupa, which consists of a domed structure containing relics, used as a place of meditation to commemorate Buddha. The dome symbolised the infinite space of the sky. Buddhism had a significant influence on Sri Lankan architecture after its introduction, [50] and ancient Sri Lankan architecture was mainly religious, with over 25 styles of Buddhist monasteries.

After the fall of the Gupta empire, Buddhism mainly survived in Bengal under the Palas , and has had a significant impact on pre-Islamic Bengali architecture of that period. Somapura Mahavihara Bangladesh , circa 8th century AD. Cave 19 of the Ajanta Caves Maharashtra , a chaitya hall, and also an example of Indian rock-cut architecture , 5th-century. Across the Indian subcontinent, Hindu architecture evolved from simple rock-cut cave shrines to monumental temples.

From the 4th to 5th centuries AD, Hindu temples were adapted to the worship of different deities and regional beliefs, and by the 6th or 7th centuries larger examples had evolved into towering brick or stone-built structures that symbolise the sacred five-peaked Mount Meru.

Influenced by early Buddhist stupas , the architecture was not designed for collective worship, but had areas for worshippers to leave offerings and perform rituals. Many Indian architectural styles for structures such as temples, statues, homes, markets, gardens and planning are as described in Hindu texts. These include the Vastu shastras , Shilpa Shastras , the Brihat Samhita , architectural portions of the Puranas and the Agamas, and regional texts such as the Manasara among others.

Since this architectural style emerged in the classical period, it has had a considerable influence on various medieval architectural styles like that of the Gurjaras , Dravidians , Deccan , Odias , Bengalis , and the Assamese. This style of North Indian architecture has been observed in Hindu as well as Jain places of worship and congregation. It emerged in the 11th to 13th centuries under the Chaulukya Solanki period.

Hawa Mahal Jaipur , Rajasthan , Navlakha Temple, Ghumli , Gujarat , 12th century. The Himalayas are inhabited by various people groups including the Paharis , Sino-Tibetans , Kashmiris , and many more groups. Being from different religious and ethnic backgrounds, the architecture has also had multiple influences.

Considering the logistical difficulties and slower pace of life in the Himalayas, artisans have that the time to make intricate wood carvings and paintings accompanied by ornamental metal work and stone sculptures that are reflected in religious as well as civic and military buildings. These styles exist in different forms from Tibet and Kashmir to Assam and Nagaland.

Nyatapola Temple Bhaktapur , Nepal , Paro Taktsang Paro, Bhutan , Potala Palace Lhasa , Tibet , Jamia Masjid, Srinagar Kashmir , This is an architectural style that emerged in the southern part of the Indian subcontinent and in Sri Lanka.

These include Hindu temples with a unique style that involves a shorter pyramidal tower over the garbhagriha or sanctuary called a vimana , where the north has taller towers, usually bending inwards as they rise, called shikharas.

These also include secular buildings that may or may not have slanted roofs based on the geographical region. In the Tamil country, this style is influenced by the Sangam period as well as the styles of the great dynasties that ruled it. This style varies in the region to its west in Kerala that is influenced by geographic factors like western trade and the monsoons which result in sloped roofs.

Stone vel on a brick platform at the entrance to the Murugan Temple, Saluvankuppam , BC [64] [65]. Padmanabhaswamy Temple Thiruvananthapuram , Kerala ; local Dravidian worship site possibly as early as the 4th century AD, Vaishnavite worship site by the 8th century AD, with its gopuram built by the 16th century AD. Meenakshi Temple, Madurai Tamil Nadu , circa 12th century. Vitthala Temple Hampi , Karnataka , circa 16th century.

Its architecture reached a peak between the 9th and 12th centuries under the patronage of the Somavamsi dynasty of Odisha. Lavishly sculpted with hundreds of figures, Kalinga temples usually feature repeating forms such as horseshoes. Within the protective walls of the temple complex are three main buildings with distinctive curved towers called deul or deula and prayer halls called jagmohan.

The Konark Sun Temple Puri , circa What is recognised today as Chinese culture has its roots in the Neolithic period 10,— BC , covering the cultural sites of Yangshao , Longshan , and Liangzhu in central China. Sections of present-day north-east China also contain sites of the Neolithic Hongshan culture that manifested aspects of proto-Chinese culture. Native Chinese belief systems included naturalistic, animistic and hero worship.

In general, open-air platforms tan , or altar were used for worshipping naturalistic deities, such as the gods of wind and earth, whereas formal buildings miao , or temple were for heroes and deceased ancestors.

Most early buildings in China were timber structures. Columns with sets of brackets on the face of the buildings, mostly in even numbers, made the central intercolumnal space the largest interior opening. Heavily tiled roofs sat squarely on the timber building with walls constructed in brick or pounded earth. The transmission of Buddhism into China around the 1st century AD led to a new era of religious practices, and so to new building types.

Places of worship in form of cave temples appeared in China, based on Indian rock-cut ones. Another new building type introduced by Buddhism was the Chinese form of stupa ta or pagoda. In India, stupas were erected to commemorate well-known people or teachers: consequently, the Buddhist tradition adapted the structure to remember the great teacher, the Buddha.

In The Chinese pagoda shared a similar symbolism with the Indian stupa and was built with sponsorship mainly from imperial patrons who hoped to gain earthly merits for the next life. Buddhism reached its peak from the 6th to the 8th centuries when there was an unprecedented number of monasteries thought China. More than 4, official and 40, unofficial monasteries were built.

They varies in size by the number of cloisters they conatined, ranging from 6 to Each cloister consisted of a main stand-alone building — a hall, pagoda of pavilion — and was surrounded by a covered corridor in a rectangular compounded served by a gate building.

Chinese and Confucian culture has had a significant influence on the art and architecture in the Sinosphere mainly Vietnam , Korea , Japan. Traditionally, Japanese architecture was made of wood and fusuma sliding doors in place of walls, allowing internal space to be altered to suit different purposes. The introduction of Buddhism in the mid 6th century, via the neighbouring Korean kingdom of Paekche , initiated large-scale wooden temple building with an emphasis on simplicity, and much of the architecture was imported from China and other Asian cultures.

By the end of this century, Japan was constructing Continental-style monasteries, notably the temple, known as Horyu-ji in Ikaruga. Walls are light, thin, never load-bearing and often movable. Temple of Literature, Hanoi Vietnam , Gyeongbokgung Palace Seoul , South Korea , From the start of the 9th century to the early 15th century, Khmer kings rules over a vad Hindu-Buddhist empire in Southeast Asia. Angkor , in present-day Cambodia , was its capital city, and most of its surviving buildings are east-facing stone temples, many of them constructed in pyramidal, tiered form consisting of five square structures with towers, or prasats , that represent the sacred five-peaked Mount Meru of Hindu , Jain and Buddhist doctrine.

As the residences of gods, temples were made of durable materials such as sandstone , brick or laterite , a clay-like substance that dries hard. Cham architecture in Vietnam also follows a similar style. Traditional Sub-Saharan African architecture is diverse, varying significantly across regions. Included among traditional house types, are huts, sometimes consisting of one or two rooms, as well as various larger and more complex structures.

In much of West Africa, rectangular houses with peaked roofs and courtyards, sometimes consisting of several rooms and courtyards, are also traditionally found sometimes decorated, with adobe reliefs as among the Ashanti of Ghana, [74] [75] or carved pillars as among the Yoruba people of Nigeria, especially in palaces and the dwellings of the wealthy [76] Besides the regular rectangular type of dwelling with a sharp roof, widespread in West Africa and Madagascar , there also other types of houses: beehive houses made from a circle of stones topped with a domed roof, and the round one, with a cone -shaped roof.

The first type, which also existed in America, is characteristic especially for Southern Africa. These were used by Bantu -speaking groups in southern and parts of east Africa, which was made with mud, poles, thatch, and cow dung rectangular houses were more common among the Bantu-speaking peoples of the greater Congo region and central Africa. The round hut with a cone -shaped roof is widespread especially in Sudan and Eastern Africa , but is also present in Colombia and New Caledonia , as well as in the Western Sudan and Sahel regions of west Africa, where they are sometimes arranged into compounds.

King's palace in Nyanza Rwanda , unknown date. Yoruba architecture depicted in a book by Anna Hinderer in the mids [78]. Traditional Bamileke architecture, main hall of the Bandjoun palace in Cameroon, with decoratively carved wooden columns and doorway, unknown date.

In several West African societies, including the kingdom of Benin and of other Edo peoples , and the kingdoms of the Yoruba, Hausa, at sites like Jenne-Jeno a pre-Islamic city in Mali , [79] [80] and elsewhere, towns and cities were surrounded by large walls of mud brick or adobe, [81] and sometimes by monumental moats and earthworks, such as Sungbo's Eredo in the Nigerian Yoruba kingdom of Ijebu and the Walls of Benin of the Nigerian Kingdom of Benin. The famed Benin City of southwest Nigeria capital of the Kingdom of Benin destroyed by the Punitive Expedition , was a large complex of homes in coursed clay, with hipped roofs of shingles or palm leaves.

The Palace had a sequence of ceremonial rooms, and was decorated with brass plaques. It was surrounded by a monumental complex of earthworks and walls whose construction is thought to have began by the early Middle Ages. Beehive-shaped houses of the Musgum ethnic group in Pouss Cameroon , unknown date.

A traditional house of the Tammari people in the Atakora Department of the northern Republic of Benin not to be confused with the Nigerian Kingdom of Benin , unknown date. A Dogon village in Mali , with walls made in the wattle and daub method, unknown date. The conical tower inside the Great Enclosure in Great Zimbabwe , a medieval city built by a prosperous culture, ca. In the Western Sahel region, Islamic influence was a major contributing factor to architectural development from the later ages of the Kingdom of Ghana.

At Kumbi Saleh , locals lived in domed-shaped dwellings in the king's section of the city, surrounded by a great enclosure. Traders lived in stone houses in a section which possessed 12 beautiful mosques, as described by al-bakri , with one centered on Friday prayer.

The rise of kingdoms in the West African coastal region produced architecture which drew on indigenous traditions, utilizing wood, mud-brick and adobe. Though later acquiring Islamic influences, the style also had roots in local pre-Islamic building styles, such as those found in ancient settlements like Jenne-Jeno , Dia, Mali , and Dhar Tichitt , [88] some of which employed a traditional sahelian style of cylindrical mud brick.

The Larabanga Mosque Larabanga , northern Ghana , possibly built in the 15th century. Hausa gate, the Gidan Rumfa in Kano , northern Nigeria, 15th century. Ethiopian architecture including modern-day Eritrea expanded from the Aksumite style and incorporated new traditions with the expansion of the Ethiopian state.

Styles incorporated more wood and rounder structures in domestic architecture in the center of the country and the south, and these stylistic influences were manifested in the construction of churches and monasteries. Throughout the medieval period, Aksumite architecture and influences and its monolithic tradition persisted, with its influence strongest in the early medieval Late Aksumite and Zagwe periods when the rock-cut monolithic churches of Lalibela were carved.

Throughout the medieval period, and especially from the 10th to 12th centuries, churches were hewn out of rock throughout Ethiopia, especially during the northernmost region of Tigray , which was the heart of the Aksumite Empire. The most famous example of Ethiopian rock-hewn architecture are the eleven monolithic churches of Lalibela, carved out of the red volcanic tuff found around the town.

Large, monolithic churches such as the Church of Saint George Lalibela , were hewn out of the ground in Ethiopia , late 12th or early 13th century. Most Oceanic buildings consist of huts , made of wood and other vegetal materials. Art and architecture have often been closely connected—for example, storehouses and meetinghouses are often decorated with elaborate carvings—and so they are presented together in this discussion.

The architecture of the Pacific Islands was varied and sometimes large in scale. Buildings reflected the structure and preoccupations of the societies that constructed them, with considerable symbolic detail. Technically, most buildings in Oceania were no more than simple assemblages of poles held together with cane lashings; only in the Caroline Islands were complex methods of joining and pegging known.

Fakhua shen, Taboa shen and Kuhua shen the shen triplets designed the first oceanian architecture. Nan Madol was the ceremonial and political seat of the Saudeleur Dynasty , which united Pohnpei's estimated 25, people until about By the 8th or 9th century, islet construction had started, with construction of the distinctive megalithic architecture beginning — AD.

Men's club house, , from Palau , now in Ethnological Museum of Berlin. Due to the extent of the Islamic conquests , Islamic architecture encompasses a wide range of architectural styles from the foundation of Islam 7th century to the present day.

Early Islamic architecture was influenced by Roman , Byzantine , Persian , Mesopotamian architecture and all other lands which the Early Muslim conquests conquered in the 7th and 8th centuries. This wide and long history has given rise to many local architectural styles, including but not limited to: Umayyad , Abbasid , Persian , Moorish , Fatimid , Mamluk , Ottoman , Indo-Islamic particularly Mughal , Medieval Bengali , Sino-Islamic and Sahelian architecture.

Some distinctive structures in Islamic architecture are mosques , madrasas , tombs, palaces, baths , and forts. Notable types of Islamic religious architecture include hypostyle mosques, domed mosques and mausoleums, structures with vaulted iwans , and madrasas built around central courtyards. In secular architecture, major examples of preserved historic palaces include the Alhambra and the Topkapi Palace.

Islam does not encourage the worship of idols; therefore the architecture tends to be decorated with Arabic calligraphy including Qur'anic verses or other poetry and with more abstract motifs such as geometric patterns , muqarnas , and arabesques , as opposed to illustrations of scenes and stories. Dome of the Rock Jerusalem , [98].

Great Mosque of Samarra Samarra , Iraq , c. Court of the Lions Alhambra , Granada , Spain , []. Taj Mahal Agra , India , c. Surviving examples of medieval secular architecture mainly served for defense across various parts of Europe.

Castles and fortified walls provide the most notable remaining non-religious examples of medieval architecture. New types of civic, military, as well as religious buildings of new styles begin to pop up in this region during this period. Byzantine architects built city walls, palaces, hippodromes, bridges, aqueducts , but most importantly, churches. They left us many types of churches, including the basilica the most widespread type, and the one that reached the greatest development.

From basilica derive other two types, the circular one and the octagonal one. Another monumental type of church is the one in shape of an Orthodox cross, and with five domes. In Mainland Greece , the most widespread type of church was the cruciform one, with one or more domes.

Through modifications and adaptations of local inspiration, the Byzantine style will be used as the main source of inspiration for architectural styles in Eastern Orthodox countries. Just like how the Parthenon is the most famous monument of the Ancient Greek religion , Hagia Sophia remained an iconic church of Christianity. The temples of both religions differ substantially in terms of their exterior and interior aspect.

In Antiquity, the exterior was the most important part of the temple, because in the interior, where the cult statue of the deity to whom the temple was built was kept, only the priest had access. The ceremonies were held outside, and what the worshipers view was the facade of the temple, consisting of columns, with an entablature and two pediments. Meanwhile, Christian liturgies were held in the interior of the churches, the exterior usually having little to no ornamentation.

Byzantine architecture often featured marble columns, coffered ceilings and sumptuous decoration, including the extensive use of mosaics with golden backgrounds.

They used mostly stone and brick, and also thin alabaster sheets for windows. Hagia Irene Istanbul , Turkey , 6th century []. Basilica of San Vitale Ravenna , Italy , []. Basilica of Sant'Apollinare in Classe Ravenna , []. Kapnikarea Athens , [].

The term 'Romanesque' is rooted in the 19th century, when it was coined to describe medieval churches built from the 10th to 12th century, before the rise of steeply pointed arches, flying buttresses and other Gothic elements. For 19th-century critics, the Romanesque reflected the architecture of stonemasons who evidently admired the heavy barrel vaults and intricate carved capitals of the ancient Romans , but whose own architecture was considered derivative and degenerate, lacking the sophistication of their classical models.

Scholars in the 21st century are less inclined to understand the architecture of this period as a 'failure' to reproduce the achievements of the past, and are far more likely to recognise its profusion of experimental forms, as a series of creative new inventions. At the time, however, research has questioned the value of Romanesque as a stylistic term. On the surface, it provides a convenient designation for buildings that share a common vocabulary of rounded arches and thick stone masonry , and appear in between the Carolingian revival of classical antiquity in the 9th century and the swift evolution of Gothic architecture after the second half of the 12th century.

One problem, however, is that the term encompasses a broad array of regional variations, some with closer links to Rome than others. It should also be noted that the distinction between Romanesque architecture and its immediate predecessors and followers is not at all clear.

There is little evidence that medieval viewers were concerned with the stylistic distinctions that we observe today, making the slow evolution of medieval architecture difficult to separate into neat chronological categories. Nevertheless, Romanesque remains a useful word despite its limitations, because it reflects a period of intensive building activity that maintained some continuity with the classical past, but freely reinterpreted ancient forms in a new distinctive manner.

Romanesque cathedrals can be differentiated pretty easy from Gothic and Byzantine ones, since they are characterized by the wide use of thick piers and columns, round arches and severity. Here, the possibilities of the round-arch arcade in both a structural and a spatial sense were once again exploited to the full. Unlike the sharp pointed arch of the later Gothic, the Romanesque round arch required the support of massive piers and columns. In comparison to Byzantine churches, Romanesque ones tend to lack complex ornamentation both on the exterior and interior.

Mark's Basilica in Venice , but lacking mosaics, leaving its interior very austere and minimalistic. Michael's Church Hildesheim , Germany , []. Maria Laach Abbey Germany , []. Munsterkerk Roermond , The Netherlands , Gothic architecture began with a series of experiments, which were conducted to fulfil specific requests by patrons and to accommodate the ever-growing number of pilgrims visiting sites that housed precious relics.

Pilgrims in the high Middle Ages circa to AD increasingly travelled to well-known pilgrimage sites, but also to local sites where local and national saints were reputed to have performed miracles. The churches and monasteries housing important relics therefore wanted to heighten the popularity of their respective saints and build appropriate shrines for them.

These shrines were not merely gem-encrusted reliquaries, but more importantly took the form of powerful architectural settings characterised by coloured light emitting from the large areas of stained glass.

The use of stained glass, however, is not the only defining element of Gothic architecture and neither are the pointed arch , the ribbed vault , the rose window or the flying buttress , as many of these elements were used in one way or another in preceding architectural traditions. It was rather the combination and constant refinement of these elements, along with the quick response to the rapidly changing building techniques of the time, that fuelled the Gothic movement in architecture.

Consequently, it is difficult to point to one element or the exact place where Gothic first emerged; however, it is traditional to initiate a discussion of Gothic architecture with the Basilica of St Denis circa — and its patrons, Abbot Suger , who began to rebuild the west front and the choir of the church. Instead a row of slim columns was inserted between the chapels and the choir arcade to support the rib vaults.

The result enabled visitors to circulate around the altar and come within reach of the relics without actually disrupting the altar space, while also experiencing the large stained-glass windows within the chapels. As confirmed by Suger , the desire for more stained-glass was not necessarily to bring more daylight into the building but rather to fill the space with a continuous ray of colorful light, rather like mosaics or precious stones, which would make the wall vanish. The demand for ever more stained-glass windows and the search for techniques that would support them are constant throughout the development of Gothic architecture, as is evident in the writings of Suger, who was fascinated by the mystical quality of such lighting.

Notre-Dame Cathedral Paris , begun in , by various architects []. Chartres Cathedral Chartres , France , []. Town Hall Bruges , Belgium , []. Town Hall , Gouda , The Netherlands. Ridderzaal , The Hague , The Netherlands. During the Renaissance , Italy consisted of many states, and intense rivalry between them generated an increase in technical and artistic developments. The Medici Family , an Italian banking family and political dynasty , is famous for its financial support of Renaissance art and architecture.

The period began in around , when the architect and humanist Leon Battista Alberti completed his treatise De Re Aedificatoria On the Art of Building after studying the ancient ruins of Rome and Vitruvius 's De Architectura. His writings covered numerous subjects, including history, town planning, engineering, sacred geometry, humanism and philosophies of beauty, and set out the key elements of architecture and its ideal proportions.

In the last decades of the 15th century, artists and architects began to visit Rome to study the ruins, especially the Colosseum and the Pantheon. They left behind precious records of their studies in the form of drawings. While humanist interest in Rome had been building up over more than a century dating back at least to Petrarch in the 14th century , antiquarian considerations of monuments had focused on literary, epigraphic and historical information rather than on the physical remains.

Although some artists and architects, such as Filippo Brunelleschi , Donatello circa — and Leon Battista Alberti, are reported to have made studies of Roman sculpture and ruins, almost no direct evidence of this work survives. By the s, prominent architects, such as Francesco di Giorgio and Giuliano da Sabgallo circa — , were making numerous studies of ancient monuments, undertaken in ways that demonstrated that the process of transforming the model into a new design had already begun.

In many cases, drawing ruins in their fragmentary state necessitated a leap of imagination, as Francesco himself readily admitted in his annotation to his reconstruction of the Campidoglio , noting 'largely imagined by me, since very little can be understood from the ruins.

Soon, grand buildings were constructed in Florence using the new style, like the Pazzi Chapel or the Palazzo Pitti The Renaissance begun in Italy, but slowly spread to other parts of Europe, with varying interpretations.

Since Renaissance art is an attempt of reviving Ancient Rome 's culture, it uses pretty much the same ornaments as the Ancient Greek and Roman. However, because most if not all resources that Renaissance artists had were Roman , Renaissance architecture and applied arts widely use certain motifs and ornaments that are specific to Ancient Rome. The most iconic one is the margent , a vertical arrangement of flowers, leaves or hanging vines, used at pilasters.

Another ornament associated with the Renaissance is the round medallion , containing a profile of a person, similar with Ancient cameoes. Renaissance, Baroque, Rococo, and other post-medieval styles use putti chubby baby angles much more often compared to Greco-Roman art and architecture. An ornament reintroduced during the Renaissance, that was of Ancient Roman descend, that will also be used in later styles, is the cartouche , an oval or oblong design with a slightly convex surface, typically edged with ornamental scrollwork.

The Baroque emerged from the Counter Reformation as an attempt by the Catholic Church in Rome to convey its power and to emphasize the magnificence of God. The Baroque and its late variant the Rococo were the first truly global styles in the arts.

Dominating more than two centuries of art and architecture in Europe, Latin America and beyond from circa to circa Born in the painting studios of Bologna and Rome in the s and s, and in Roman sculptural and architectural ateliers in the second and third decades of the 17th century, the Baroque spread swiftly throughout Italy , Spain and Portugal , Flanders, France , the Netherlands, England, Scandinavia, and Russia, as well as to central and eastern European centres from Munich Germany to Vilnius Lithuania.

The Portuguese , Spanish and French empires and the Dutch treading network had a leading role in spreading the two styles into the Americas and colonial Africa and Asia, to places such as Lima , Mozambique , Goa and the Philippines. For example, French Baroque appeared severe and detached by comparison, preempting Neoclassicism and the architecture of the Age of Enlightenment.

The first Baroque buildings were cathedrals, churches and monasteries, soon joined by civic buildings, mansions, and palaces. Baroque architects took the basic elements of Renaissance architecture , including domes and colonnades, and made them higher, grander, more decorated, and more dramatic. Clusters of sculpted angels and painted figures crowd the ceiling. Light was also used for dramatic effect; it streamed down from cupolas and was reflected from an abundance of gilding.

Solomonic columns were often used, to give an illusion of upwards motion and other decorative elements occupied every available space. In Baroque palaces, grand stairways became a central element. This is in contrast with how static and peaceful Renaissance art is. Besides the building itself, the space where it was placed had a role too. Both Baroque and Rococo buildings try to seize viewers' attention and to dominate their surroundings, whether on a small scale such as the San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane in Rome, or on a massive one, like the new facade of the Santiago de Compostela Cathedral , designed to tower over the city.

A manifestation of power and authority on the grandest scale, Baroque urban planing and renewal was promoted by the church and the state alike. It was the first era since antiquity to experience mass migration into cities, and urban planners took idealistic measures to regulate them. Architects had experimented with idealized city schemes since the early Renaissance, examples being Leon Battista Alberti planning a centralized model city, with streets leading to a central piazza, or Filarete Antonio di Pietro Aver u lino, c.

However, none of these idealistic cities has ever been built. In fact, few such projects were put into practice in Europe as new cities were prohibitively costly and existing urban areas, with existing churches and palaces, could not be demolished. Only in the Americas, where architects often had a clean space to work with, were such cities possible, as in Lima Peru or Buenos Aires Argentina. Where entire cities could not be rebuilt, patrons and architects compensated by creating spacious and symmetrical squares, often with avenues and radiating out at perpendicular angles and focusing on a fountain, statue or obelisk.

The most famous Baroque space in the world is Gianlorenzo Bernini 's St. Peter's Square in Rome. Temple du Marais Paris , c. Gardens at Het Loo Palace the Netherlands , []. The name Rococo derives from the French word rocaille , which describes shell-covered rock-work, and coquille , meaning seashell. Rococo architecture is fancy and fluid, accentuating asymmetry, with an abundant use of curves, scrolls, gilding and ornaments.

The style enjoyed great popularity with the ruling elite of Europe during the first half of the 18th century. It developed in France out of a new fashion in interior decoration, and spread across Europe. Rococo rooms are typically smaller than their Baroque counterparts, reflecting a movement towards domestic intimacy.

Even the grander salons used for entertaining were more modest in scale, as social events involved smaller numbers of guests.

Characteristic of the style were Rocaille motifs derived from the shells, icicles and rock-work or grotto decoration. Rocaille arabesques were mostly abstract forms, laid out symmetrically over and around architectural frames. A favourite motif was the scallop shell, whose top scrolls echoed the basic S and C framework scrolls of the arabesques and whose sinuous ridges echoed the general curvilinearity of the room decoration.

While few Rococo exteriors were built in France, a number of Rococo churches are found in southern Germany. Rococo designers also loved mirrors the more the better , an example being the Hall of Mirrors of the Amalienburg Munich , Germany , by Johann Baptist Zimmermann.

Generally, mirrors are also featured above fireplaces. The interactions between East and West brought on by colonialist exploration have had a long impact on architecture.

Because of being something rare and new to Westerners, some non-European styles were really appreciated during the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries.

Some nobles and kings built little structures inspired by these styles in the gardens of their palaces, or fully decorated a handful of rooms of palaces in these styles. Because of not fully understanding the origins and principles that govern these exotic ways of building, Europeans sometimes created hybrids of the style which they tried to replicate and what were the trends at that time.

A good example of this is chinoiserie , a Western decorative style, popular during the 18 the century, that was heavily inspired by Chinese arts, but also by Rococo at the same time. Because traveling to China or other Far Eastern countries was something hard at that time and so remained mysterious to most Westerners, European imaginations were fuelled by perceptions of Asia as a place of wealth and luxury, and consequently patrons from emperors to merchants vied with each other in adorning their living quarters with Asian goods and decorating them in Asian styles.

Where Asian objects were hard to obtain, European craftsmen and painters stepped up to fill the breach, creating a blend of Rococo forms and authentic Asian figures, motifs and techniques. Chinese art wasn't the only foreign style with which Europeans experimented.

Another was the Islamic one. Examples of this include the Garden Mosque of the Schwetzingen Palace in Germany the only surviving example of an 18th century European garden mosque , the Royal Pavilion in Brighton , or the Moorish Revival buildings from the 19th and early 20th centuries, with horseshoe arches and brick patterns.

When it come to the Orient, Europeans also had an interest for the culture of Ancient Egypt. Compared to other cases of exoticism, the one with the land of pharaohs is the oldest one, since Ancient Greeks and Romans had this interest during Antiquity. The main periods when Egyptian Revival monuments were erected were the early 19th century, with Napoleon's military campaigns in Egypt, and the s, when the Tomb of Tutankhamun was discovered in , which caused an Egyptomania that lead to Art Deco sometimes using motifs inspired by Ancient Egypt.

During the late 18th and early 19th century, Neoclassicism sometimes mixed Greco-Roman elements with Egyptian ones. Because of its association with pharaohs , death and eternity , multiple Egyptian Revival tombs or cemetery entry gates were built in this style. During the s and s, Pre-Columbian Mesoamerican architecture was of great interest for some American architects, particularly what the Mayans built.

Bataille []. Neoclassical architecture focused on Ancient Greek and Roman details, plain, white walls and grandeur of scale. Compared to the previous styles, Baroque and Rococo, Neoclassical exteriors tended to be more minimalist, featuring straight and angular lines, but being still ornamented. Excavations during the 18th century at Pompeii and Herculaneum , which had both been buried under volcanic ash during the 79 AD eruption of Mount Vesuvius , inspired a return to order amd rationality.

Neoclassicism was a fundamental investigation of the very bases of architectural form and meaning. In the s, an alliance between archaeological exploration and architectural theory started, which will continue in the 19th century. Marc-Antoine Laugier wrote in that 'Architecture owes all that is perfect to the Greeks '. The style was adopted by progressive circles in other countries such as Sweden and Russia. Federal-style architecture is the name for the classicizing architecture built in North America between c.

   

 

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Also, I will share with you a completely separate text-to-speech solution from Amazon and a new startup in the text-to-speech technology that might amaze you. Finally, I capfivate adobe captivate voices 2017 free the solution we should all consider as a great alternative to all of these offerings. Captivate users might already know the text-to-speech included with the software from Adobe.

Included fgee Captivate is a text-to-speech add-in from a company called NeoSpeech. NeoSpeech has since become part of a company called ReadSpeaker. I've always been puzzled by these additional choices as I would adob expected Mandarin Chinese, Hindi, and Spanish due to the popularity of these languages.

Captiavte main benefit of the NeoSpeech voices adobe captivate voices 2017 free with Captivate would be consistency. Consistency is the main benefit of all text-to-speech solutions. Recordings made with one of the NeoSpeech voices five years ago will sound identical to adobe captivate voices 2017 free new recording made today. If you recorded and compared your voice five years ago with a recording today, there would be differences voides might adobe captivate voices 2017 free distracting to your learners.

Your age, general health, and equipment used to record your voice can all affect the quality. The other benefit of rfee Adobe captivate voices 2017 free voices is the price.

These voices are included with the software at no additional cost to you or your organization, and you can use them indefinitely, and for any quantity of eLearning you can produce.

If it turns out that the seven voices included with Adobe Captivate are not suitable for your needs and captiivate require purchasing additional voices from ReadSpeaker to work with the Adobe Captivate text-to-speech software, you will need to visit ReadSpeaker's website. There are no options on adobe captivate voices 2017 free site to purchase voices a la carte.

Instead, you will need to contact them and discuss your text-to-speech needs with a representative from their company. If your needs are minimal, they will likely refer you to their web-based captivage where you captuvate pay per use and download the resulting audio files as you need them.

Axobe we are talking about the NeoSpeech voices included with Adobe Captivate or additional voices for sale from ReadSpeaker, the resulting narration is adobe captivate voices 2017 free believable as being provided from actual people.

There is a robotic quality that makes them only suitable for the most basic of eLearning courses. If you are using a Windows-based computer and are looking at the list of text-to-speech voices in Adobe Captivate, you might notice that there are several voices from Microsoft. I recently created a video that explored how to add additional voice packages from Microsoft. The advantage of using Microsoft Speech packages is that they integrate well with Adobe Captivate.

There are languages outside of English, Korean and French that you can select, and they are free to install in your instance of Windows Once again, I cannot recommend this solution for quality eLearning projects. Amazon offers a text-to-speech solution they call Amazon Polly. Amazon Polly doesn't integrate with Adobe Captivate. You would need to copy and paste your vojces text into their web-based tool slide by slide and generate audio files that adobe captivate voices 2017 free can download one by one.

From there, you can import these files into your slides in your eLearning course regardless of the authoring tool. The main benefit of Amazon Polly is the price. Amazon offers a pay-as-you-go model of pricing for what Amazon calls its neural foices. They also offer a free tier that uses their standard voices. If all this sounds confusing, don't worry too much. I don't fully understand it either. In vaptivate time I've experimented with caphivate technology, Amazon hasn't billed me for any of it.

While I believe their product to be superior to all the solutions I've mentioned so far, it still doesn't come close enough to replace a human voice. There is a distinct robotic quality to these voices, but I might use it for basic eLearning courses that don't have the budget of a larger project.

Next, I want to share with you a new startup called WellSaid. What's interesting is that WellSaid has taken a different approach to text-to-speech.

They are using Artificial Intelligence to predict what we would accept as a real vkices voice, captivaye the quality is adobe captivate voices 2017 free good. The exciting thing is that each time you generate the narration, you may notice slight differences from the last time you produced the same passage. I equate this to asking a voice actor to record another take. That's the Artificial Intelligence at work, and this can be voicse your advantage to provide you with alternative clips to select.

Also, they have some control over pacing and phonetics. You can add extra spaces to increase the pause between words and sentences, and you can also save alternative spellings for dealing with things like acronyms. They offer a free trial version of their services vkices give you access to a subset of the available voices and a limited number of passages that you can generate.

This gives you access to all the voices, and you can generate as many clips as you might need adobe captivate voices 2017 free your eLearning narration needs. In my opinion, this is the best text-to-speech solution I've ever heard. The disadvantage of the product is that you can only render a certain number of characters at a time. You will need to stitch together a more significant passage adobe captivate voices 2017 free you intend to import it as slide audio in your eLearning course.

This will increase your workflow time if you have many adobe captivate voices 2017 free of clips in your eLearning course.

While it's the best text-to-speech I've ever heard, it's still far from perfect. Occasionally, you will encounter issues that remind you it isn't voicss human windows 10 no inicia pantalla azul free. For example, the energy and tone might be different from what a human would use.

You will capfivate have to intervene to adjust the pacing and perhaps the spelling of certain words to fix these issues voicces. If WellSaid can increase the amount of text adobe captivate voices 2017 free it can render and increase the speed at acobe it operates, I would recommend it as a по этой ссылке to replace text-to-speech built into your eLearning authoring tool.

The other issue for me is that in a given year, I don't always need text-to-speech services. Especially considering that that's more than my monthly budget for all my software combined.

My understanding is that you can cancel or put on hold your subscription to WellSaid, but they put capptivate onus on you to withdraw and re-subscribe. I prefer a pay-per-use solution to be more practical. Again, they are a new service, so we may see that at some point. They are certainly an organization to watch in the upcoming future of text-to-speech. In the end, I still recommend looking to other human beings for your voice-over work. I'm fortunate enough to have some talent as a afobe artist, and I have used my voice to provide narration for many of my courses.

Unfortunately, I only speak English, and if the narrative calls for a female voice, I don't fit the bill unless you're going for a Monty Python style of female voice. To provide my training in another language requires either a volunteer who speaks captivatw language or hiring a voice actor to adobe captivate voices 2017 free those frer. Volunteers cxptivate don't have much experience with recording narration can take too much time and can end up costing you in recording studio overruns.

Voides prefer to hire voice talent and provide them with a script to record. A simple Google search or a search on LinkedIn can help you find who you need. Additionally, there is a variety of talent for hire from sites like Fiverr. To me, the advantage of working with a voice-over actor is that you pay for the work you need. Also, if they mispronounce something or otherwise make a mistake with the script, they often will rerecord that passage adobe captivate voices 2017 free no additional cost to adobe captivate voices 2017 free.

Most importantly, you use an actual voice-over artist for the more humanistic types of training where text-to-speech wouldn't be dynamic or expressive enough. Imagine using text-to-speech voices to simulate a conversation between two adobe captivate voices 2017 free in a soft-skills course. I think that would be terrible to listen to and perhaps even a little insulting to your captivtae. We use cookies in order to personalize your experience, display relevant advertising, offer social media sharing capabilities and analyze our website's performance.

Cookie Preferences. How can we help you? Something Has Gone Terribly Wrong. Please Try Later. Summary: About once or twice a month, Captivate users reach out to me to get my advice about getting additional voices for fgee text-to-speech tool included with Adobe Captivate.

Adobe captivate voices 2017 free article is my attempt to provide all the important options available to eLearning developers when it comes to narration. Microsoft If you are using a Windows-based computer and are looking at the list of text-to-speech voices in Adobe Captivate, you captivatr notice that there are several voices from Microsoft.

Amazon Amazon offers a text-to-speech solution they call Amazon Polly. Human Beings In the end, I still recommend looking to other human beings for your voice-over work. Write or read Comments.